The main differences between fiber optic cables and copper cables lie in their construction, performance, and applications.

1. Transmission Medium

• Fiber Optic Cable:

• Uses light signals (laser/LED) through glass or plastic fibers.

• Consists of a core, cladding, and protective coating.

• Copper Cable:

  Uses electrical signals (copper wires) to transmit data.
• Typically made of twisted pairs (e.g., Cat5e, Cat6) or coaxial cables.

2. Speed & Bandwidth

• Fiber Optic Cable:

  Extremely high bandwidth (up to 100+ Tbps in research labs).
• Commonly supports 1 Gbps to 100 Gbps in commercial use.
• Lower latency due to faster light transmission.

• Copper Cable:

  Limited bandwidth (up to 10 Gbps for Cat6a, 40 Gbps for Cat8).
• Higher latency due to electrical resistance.

• 3. Distance & Signal Loss

• Fiber Optic Cable:

• Can transmit data over kilometers with minimal loss (single-mode fiber).

• Immune to EMI and radio-frequency interference (RFI).

• Copper Cable:

  Signal degrades over long distances (max ~100 meters for Ethernet).
• Susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI).

• 4. Security

• Fiber Optic Cable:

  More secure; difficult to tap without detection.
• Copper Cable:
• Vulnerable to eavesdropping (can pick up electromagnetic signals).

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• 5. Durability & Environmental Factors

• Fiber Optic Cable:

  Lightweight, resistant to corrosion, and unaffected by weather.
• No electrical conductivity (safer in hazardous environments).

• Copper Cable:

  Heavier, prone to corrosion, and affected by temperature changes.
• Can carry electrical hazards (e.g., lightning strikes).

• 6. Applications:

• Fiber Optic Cable:

• Internet backbones, data centers, telecom (5G, FTTH), undersea cables, medical imaging.

• Copper Cable:

  Ethernet networks (LANs), telephone lines, CCTV, short-range connections.